8.0 - Weaning Process

Sources

1. The New Contented Little Baby Book by Gina Ford
2. Your Baby’s First Year by American Academy of Pediatrics
3. Dr Ang Ai Tin’s Talk

(8.0) INTRODUCTION

1. You must wean because baby’s brain grows the fastest in the first 2 years of life. So baby needs more nutrients from other sources of food.
2. Babies rely on the introduction of iron-containing foods at 6 months, as their bodies’ iron stores, with which they are born, become depleted at this age.
3. Iron is essential for healthy red blood cells that transport oxygen around the body.
4. Children who do not take in sufficient amounts of iron, are at risk of developing iron-deficiency anaemia which causes tiredness, irritability and an overall lack of energy and enthusiasm.
5. Iron-containing foods are breakfast cereals, broccoli, lentils and baby foods with iron. You will need to progress quickly through the food groups to include meat or vegetarian alternatives for their iron content.
6. Babies on formula will have their iron supplemented in the milk.

(8.1) When to Wean

1. Golden rule: Baby should not be given food before 17 weeks. It takes up to 4 months for the lining of baby’s gut to develop and for the kidneys to mature enough to cope with the waste products from solid food.
2. If solids are introduced before a baby has the complete set of enzymes required to digest food properly, his digestive system could become damaged.
3. Early introduction of foreign protein may increase the risks of food allergies.
4. If baby is under 6 months (and over 4 months) and showing all signs below, it is vital to discuss things with baby doctor and decide whether to wean early or not.
5. A baby could be ready when:

• Loss of extrusion reflex
• Reduces milk feeds
• Dislikes milk
• Mouthing finger
• Slower weight gain
• Waking for night feeds
• He has been taking a full feed 4-5 times a day and has been happily going for 4 hours between feeds, but now gets irritable and chews his hands long before his next feed is due.
• He has been taking a full feed, and screams for more the minute the feed finishes.
• He usually sleeps well at night and nap times but is starting to wake up earlier and earlier.
• He is chewing his hands excessively, displaying eye-to-hand coordination and trying to put things into his mouth.

1. If you decide to wait until the baby is 6 months before you introduce solids, it is important that his increased hunger is met by introducing further milk feeds.

(8.2) Programming the Future

1. Purpose-driven to prevent:
   1. Food allergy
   2. Fussy eater
   3. Brain starvation
   4. Obesity
   5. Inflammatory diseases
   6. Cancer transformation
   7. Weak immune defence

1. Introduce one food at a time as it makes it easier to identify food intolerance. Offer only a small amount of food (about 1 tsp) and gradually increase the quantity over a few meals.
2. Avoid adding fats such as butter or oil, unless advised by your doctor or dietitian, as they are harder to digest for small babies.
3. Try not to add sugar, use a sweeter fruit or add a little mashed banana, which is sweet. Do not use honey until your child is 12 months old.
4. Never use whole nuts and it is better not to serve smooth or chopped nuts until your child is two, but seek advice from your GP or health visitor.
5. Thin your baby's purees down with breast milk, baby milk or water only.
6. Some foods may cause an allergic reaction, so avoid them until he's six months. These include citrus fruits, well-cooked eggs, wheat-based foods, strawberries and fish. If allergies run in the family, ask your health visitor when to introduce certain foods.
7. To be flexible and have a happy, easy-going attitude towards meal times. It's also vital to praise your baby for eating a little or a lot. Never reward eating with sweets. Instead, give your baby plenty of hugs, kisses and attention.
8. You could give your baby vitamin drops containing vitamins A and D from six months. It's a way of ensuring she has enough of the important vitamins she needs. This is especially important for breastfed babies, and babies who drink less than 500ml of formula milk a day.
9. Give your baby sips of water from a cup or beaker at mealtimes. If you give your baby fruit juice, keep it to mealtimes only, and dilute it well. Add one part juice to 10 parts water.

(8.3a) Foods to be Avoided – To Prevent Choking

1. Small, hard foods like whole nuts, seeds, large pieces of dried fruits with stones and popcorn
2. Slippery foods like whole fish balls, whole grapes, candy and large pieces of meat
3. Sticky foods like peanut butter, which, if offered from a spoon, may get stuck in baby’s throat and cause difficulty in breathing

(8.3b) Foods to be Avoided – SUGAR

1. This refers to any form of table sugar that is added to food, and food items that contain added sugar, e.g. sweet biscuits, sugar-coated breakfast cereals, cakes and soft drinks
2. It provides ‘empty’ calories, i.e. energy (calories) with little or no other nutrients
3. If introduced early, it may cultivate a ‘sweet tooth’ in baby
4. Sugar is best avoided until baby is at least 1 year old
5. Sugar may be listed as dextrose, fructose, glucose or sucrose.
6. Too much sugar in the diet may not only cause baby to refuse savoury food, but can lead to serious problems such as tooth decay and obesity.
7. Because sugar converts very quickly into energy, babies and children who have too much may become hyperactive.
8. Products such as baked beans, spaghetti hoops, cornflakes, fish fingers, jam, tomato ketchup, tinned soups and some yoghurts are just a few of everyday foods that contain hidden sugars, so care should be taken that when baby reaches toddlerhood he does not eat these foods in excess.

(8.3c) Foods to be Avoided – HONEY

1. It can contain spores of a bacterium called Clostridium botulinum. If consumed, may germinate in a yound baby’s immature digestive system thus may result in food poisoning, which can be fatal.
2. Honey is safe for children above 1-year of age and adults.

(8.3d) Foods to be Avoided – SALT

1. Children under 2-year of age should not have salt added to their food – they get all the salt they needed from natural sources such as vegetables.
2. Adding salt to a young baby’s food can be very dangerous, as it may put a strain on his immature kidneys.
3. Research also shows that children with high salt intake may be more prone to heart disease later.
4. When baby reaches the important stage of joining in with family meals, it is important that you do not add salt to the food during cooking. Remove your baby’s portion, then add salt if needed for the rest of the family.

(8.3e) Foods to be Avoided – FRESH MILK

1. It is not recommended by the ESPGHAN and AAP for children under 1-year of age because fresh milk is poor source of iron, vitamin E and essential fatty acids.
2. Fresh milk contains too much protein, sodium and potassium, which may stress baby’s immature kidneys
3. Its protein and fat are more difficult for baby to digest and absorb.

(8.3f) Foods to be Avoided – LOW FAT and SKIMMED MILK

1. These type of milks are not suitable for babies below 12 months of age because they do not provide them with enough calories and fat to grow optimally.
2. Low fat milk can be offered to children aged 2 years and above.
3. Do not give skimmed milk to children under 5 years of age.

(8.3g) Foods to be Avoided – BRAN, WHOLEMEAL BREAD and BROWN RICE

1. They are high in a dietary fiber that may hinder baby’s absorption of iron, calcium and zinc from his diet.
2. They are very filling and may spoil your baby’s appetite for other foods
3. They can be gradually introduced into your baby’s diet when he is 1-year and older.

(8.3h) Foods to be Avoided – HIGHLY ALLERGENIC FOODS

1. These include egg whites, shellfish (e.g. prawns and crab), peanuts and tree nuts (e.g. almonds, cashews, walnuts), wheat, fish (cod, sea bass, flounder), and soy. Avoid also French beans, garden pea, legumes, beans, peas, lentils, long beans.
2. These foods may cause an allergic reaction in some children
3. They are best avoided until a child is at least 12 months old.
4. Foods to avoid until after 12-months to prevent general rash are crustaceans, oyster, tree nuts, squid, cooked white egg and peanut
5. Foods to avoid until after 12-month to prevent oral rash are citrus fruits, green kiwi, pineapple, mango, cantaloupe, dairy produce.

(8.4) Preparing and Cooking food for Baby

1. Always ensure that all surfaces are clean and have been wiped down with an anti-bacterial cleaner. Use kitchen roll for cleaning surfaces and drying, as it is more hygienic than kitchen towels, which may carry bacteria.
2. All fresh fruits and vegetables should be carefully peeled, removing the core, pips and any blemishes. They should then be rinsed thoroughly with filtered water.
3. If you are advised to wean baby early, remember that all fruit and vegetables must be cooked until your baby is 6-month old. This can be done by either steaming or boiling in filtered water. Do not add sugar, salt or honey.
4. During the initial stages all food must be cooked until soft enough to puree to a very smooth consistency. A small amount of the cooking water may need to be added so that the mixture is similar to smooth yoghurt.
5. If using a food processor, check carefully for lumps by using a spoon and pouring into another bowl. Then transfer to ice cube trays or containers for storage in the freezer.
6. ALL FEEDING EQUIPMENT SHOULD BE STERILISED FOR THE FIRST 6 MONTHS, AND BOTTLE AND TEATS FOR AS LONG AS THEY ARE USED.
7. Sterilise ice cube trays or freezer containers by boiling them in a large saucepan of water for 5 minutes.
8. Use a steam sterilizer, for small items such as spoons or serving bowls.
9. Wash cooking utensils as usual in a dishwasher or rinse handwashed items with boiling water from the kettle.

(8.5) Packing food for the freezer

1. Make sure cooked, pureed food is covered as quickly as possible and transfer it to the freezer as soon as it’s cool enough
2. Never put warm food into a refrigerator or freezer
3. Check the temperature of your freezer on a freezer thermometer, it should read - 18°C.
4. If using an ice cube tray, fill with pureed food, open-freeze until solid, then pop the cubes out of the tray and into sterilized plastic box. Non-sterilized items such as plastic bags can be used from 6 months. Seal well and freeze.
5. Label items clearly, adding the date.
6. Use foods within 6 months.
7. Never refreeze cooked food. Food can only be put back into the freezer if it was originally frozen raw and then defrosted and cooked – a raw frozen chicken breast, defrosted, for example, can be frozen as a cooked casserole.

(8.6) Defrosting tips

1. Defrost frozen (covered) food in the fridge overnight or leave at room temperature if you forget, transferring it to the fridge as soon as it has defrosted. Make sure it is covered at all times and stand it on a plate to catch the drips.
2. Never speed up defrosting by putting food into warm or hot water.
3. Always use defrosted foods within 24 hours.

(8.7) Reheating tips

1. Food should be heated thoroughly to ensure that any bacteria are killed. If using jars, always transfer to a dish, never serve straight from the jar. Any food left over should be discarded, never reheated and used again.
2. When batch cooking, take out a portion of food for your baby to eat now and freeze the rest. Don’t be tempted to reheat the entire mixture and then freeze what is left.
3. If baby has only eaten a tiny portion it can be tempting to reheat and serve leftovers later. Please don’t – babies are much more susceptible than adults to food poisoning, so get in the habit of throwing leftovers away immediately.
4. Reheat foods only once.

(8.8) How to Introduce Solids at 6 Months

1.             Don’t add cereals in milk feeds when you start weaning your baby to solids.

2.             Ensure that the first solid feed is watery and is done by parents. Observe that the baby chews his food and rolls it with his tongue.

3.             Start off with small spoonfuls. Ensure that the weaning process into solids is fun and the baby learns to enjoy the feeding, and learns that feeding time is a socializing time. Why not introduce food in a baby bowl with baby seated in her high chair? She will learn valuable lessons like grasping objects, hand-eye coordination and chewing. She will find it fun too!

4.             Avoid big pieces of food which can choke the baby.

5.             Avoid watering the food down by forcing the baby to drink water to wash down the solid. Drinking too much water can cause the baby to regurgitate.

6.             Observe for sensitivity to allergy towards particular foods as allergy can lead to choking if the throat of the baby’s swollen, and may lead to difficulty in breathing.

7.             Sit older children down when introducing them to solids as 6-month-old babies can sit well on high chairs.

8.             Avoid chasing, running and playing while feeding as toddlers can choke on the food. (pg 26)

9.             Once baby is eating solid foods, his need for liquid will increase. Getting your infant used to the taste of plain water is a healthy habit that will last a lifetime. Juice is not recommended; although if you do give your infant juice, make sure your child’s daily juice intake does not exceed 120-180ml. (pg 143)

(8.9) Baby’s First Food

1.             As a toothless baby cannot chew, his first food should be smooth, soft and watery in consistency.

2.             Push food through a sieve, or puree them in a blender or food processor. Dry, lumpy foods can make baby choke and cause asphyxiation.

3.             To start off, fresh fruits such as papaya, banana, or cooked apple may be offered. Scoop, mash and spoon a small amount of these fruits for your baby to try. Avoid acidic fruits such as grapefruit and those with pips (small seeds) such as strawberries and raspberries.

4.             7-9 months: Mashed food in the form of vegetables such as cauliflower, carrot, meat, fish and egg yolk. He can also take porridge. Food can now be coarser and thicker as your baby starts teething. If you use ikan bilis, remember to remove the salt before grinding them into powder. High amounts of sodium chloride can harm baby’s kidneys.

5.             One-year-old: Baby should have enough teeth to chew on small bites of food. The rate of growing varies from baby to baby. The appetite of your baby also fluctuates. He can become fussy and demand for his one favourite food at every meal. In such cases, do not become overly concerned or stressed. Entice him with a variety of new and tempting food.

6.             How to Feed Baby:  Sit baby on your lap. Use a small spoon with a fairly long handle and gently spoon the food to his lips. Avoid pushing it too far into his mouth as this can cause choking. At this stage, baby is learning to use his tongue and throat muscles. Allow baby to enjoy the texture of his food by letting him play with it on his tongue. 2-3 spoonfuls are sufficient for a first feed. Clean and wash his face with a warm towel after feeding.

7.             How to Avoid Meal-Time Misery: All babies have likes and dislikes when it comes to food. Never use force. Always try and be ready to abandon attempts at offering new foods. Be patient and try again a few days later. Avoid giving baby spicy, salty and acidic food. Sit him with the rest of the family at the dinner table at mealtimes so he can come to regard it as a social occasion. (pg 26-28)

8.             Common allergic reactions: Skin (Itchy rash in patches in dense or scattered, eczema, even hives); Swelling (around lips, tongue, mouth, eyes or face in severe allergy); Airways (Inflammation and irritation of the mucosa lining of air passage, may cause breathing problems, wheezing, rhinitis); Digestive system (Abdominal cramp, nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, colic).

9.             Some common allergenic food: Peanuts, eggs, cow’s milk, soy, tree nuts like walnut and cashew, fish, wheat (gluten), Shellfish.(pg 29-30)

(8.10) Choking

1.             What to do: Babies cannot tell us when they are choking. Be alert to signs of the baby turning blue, dusky or visibly struggling in breathing. Tears in the baby’s eyes and his legs and arms are limp and no crying sound is heard. Call for help and act immediately.

1. 2.        How to help: 
2. (1) Check to see if the baby is breathing. Observe the baby’s chest for rising and falling movements, and the sound of breathing. Don’t spend more than 30 seconds here. 
3. (2) Call for help, 995. If you are alone with the baby while calling, try to dislodge the foreign body in your baby’s throat. 
4. (3) Hold the baby in a face-down position, placing him lengthwise on your forearm. Deliver 5 firm blows between the shoulder blades, using the palm of your hand. If the baby does not begin to cry following the back blows, turn him face up in your other arm. Place 3 fingers in the centre of the baby’s chest, raise the finger which is the position in the imaginary line below the nipples. Use the other 2 fingers in a 90-degree angle and administer 5 chest thrusts. Look into the baby’s throat for any foreign body. If it is visible, use your small finger to sweep it out. Repeat until the baby has recovered. (pg 99)

7.0 - Baby’s massage – A Moment of Tenderness and Bonding

(7.0) Baby’s massage – A Moment of Tenderness and Bonding

by Mustela.com

(7.1) Introduction

In the womb, baby is exposed to sensory stimulations coming from the breathing and the moving of his mother during the day.

Today, most health care professionals agree that baby’s massage is a natural activity, which can help him in his self-discovery and exploration of the world. One demonstration of this is that some specialists give massage to accelerate the progress and development of the child.

But for you who just feel like massaging your baby, it is neither a therapeutic gesture nor a tradition. As explained in this brochure, massaging baby can bring you a moment of happy bonding. I wish it to be as beneficial to you as to your baby.

Valentine Marchac, Pediatrician, Necker Hospital, Paris, France.

(7.2) Why massage your baby?

A tradition in Africa, South America and India, the practice of massage is more recent in the western world. In the 70’s, some specialists have showed the importance of early contacts with the mother for the motor development of the baby. Since then, massage has become more popular with mothers who find it ideal to establish an additional communication with their youngster. Giving a massage to a baby is an act of tenderness as essential for his psychological and motor development as his emotional pleasure. Not only a trend, it represents the opportunity to build a real relationship with baby.

(7.3) Why this brochure?

Written with the help of a psychologist*, specializing in the mother/baby relationship, this brochure will help you discover the numerous advantages of a massage: for your baby, for you and for the quality of your relationship with him. You will also find some practical advice, easy to follow, as well as some basic precautions, to make each moment of the massage a moment of shared happiness.

*Mrs. Hubin-Gayte, child psychologist, researcher in maternity

(7.4) Baby shows great sensitivity

Touch is the only fully developed sense in the newborn. The first tool of communication, it establishes immediate contact with the new world around him. This tactile sensibility, acquired during pregnancy, is the true ‘prehistory’ of his emotional relationship with his mother. From birth, this immediate contact helps create a privileged dialogue between mother and child. All the depth of their emotions comes directly from this natural physical contact.

Practical Questions: At what age can a mother give a massage to her baby?

In general, you can start as soon as the umbilical cord has healed right up until the time when your baby becomes more active and experiences difficulty staying immobile for an extended period of time (around 1 year old). However, if your baby agrees, nothing forbids you from continuing beyond that stage.

(7.5) He progressively discovers the ‘the world’

At birth, baby is not aware of his body. He does not know that he is an individual distinct from his mother. In the first weeks, he learns the difference between the world and himself. “The world’ is for him the same as his mother. It is she, by washing him, carrying him and caring for him, who is going to help him build the consciousness of his body. Massage really helps this awakening to individuality.

Precautions: What is the ideal place?

• Bed, sofa, mat directly on the floor… The important point is that you are comfortable and that baby is safe.
• Choose a quiet, warm place (at least 77°F) with diffused light.
• Unplug the phone so as not to be disturbed.

(7.6) You are key to his development

Between the world and baby, his mother comes before all. This privileged relationship favors the development of the little one but also helps dissipate his anxiety and start the first months more peacefully.

Giving him a massage shows him the softness and carefulness of the maternal presence which helps him gain confidence in himself. The physical closeness enables the reassuring maternal presence. As he approaches his first birthday, it will be easier to build his independence.

Massage: a constructive experience for baby

Practical Questions: What time of the day?

The moment when you AND your baby are available. This can happen after the bath or at a time of the day when both are relaxed. Avoid giving a massage after a meal or when baby is sick, tired or fussy.

How long should it last?

Here again, there are no set rules. As long as baby seems to enjoy it and that you are in harmony… A few minutes can be enough. Avoid extended sessions (more than 10 minutes), as your baby could get cold.

Precautions: For yourself

• A massage should not be given with cold hands. In winter, rub your hands together to warm them up or put them under warm water to bring them to the temperature of your baby’s skin.
• Also make sure to remove your jewelry and to cut your nails short.

(7.7) Massage your baby to get to know him

The mother/baby relationship is not only instinctive but also grows with time. The physical contacts evolve during the first weeks. At first, even though it is natural to kiss and cuddle your baby, contacts are primarily ‘utilitarian’ (bathing, dressing, nursing). After a while, mothers have more confidence to use their whole hand: fingers AND palm. A time for discovery is necessary to establish a reciprocal trust. The massage is a privileged time which enables this adaptation.

Practical Questions: How often can you give a massage?

There are no rules or obligations as it should be a moment of happiness and freedom. You can perfectly well go several days between massages, if he is fussy or if your schedule is too busy. And fathers too can share the experience of massage with their babies.

(7.8) Massage is an exchange

Giving a massage is a reciprocal exchange allowing mother and baby to feel good together.A baby is born with the innate need to re-establish the proximity with his mother. A massage helps him feel loved and confident. The physical contact and the cuddles allow the mother to communicate physically and emotionally with her baby. While helping to relax him and to exchange emotions, she feels the rewarding pleasure of reassuring her baby.

Massage: a constructive relationship for the happiness of mother AND baby

Precautions: For baby’s comfort

• Make sure especially that baby’s feet are not cold
• Stop the massage at the first sign of discomfort
• Speak to your baby to put him at ease. For example, explain the movements you are making.
• Wrap him in a towel once the massage is finished and wait a few minutes before lifting him up.

(7.9) A few simple movements

Massaging your baby is an intense moment of exchange and bonding. There is no good or bad technique as the most important thing is to use gentle and tender gestures. As you watch for his reaction, you will soon know what he likes.

Following are a few examples of simple movements:

1)   Baby is on his belly: Gently massage his shoulders starting from the neck. Massage down his back from top to bottom with small strokes. Gently massage the legs from the thigh down to the calf, without forgetting the feet.

2)   Baby is on his back: Massage chest and stomach clockwise in gentle circles. Gently massage arms including the hands and fingers.

3)   Finish with the face: from forehead to temples using fingertips. Then, from the tip of the chin passing along the jawline up to the ears.

Postpone the massage on occasions when the baby’s skin shows signs of surface discomfort.

“A massage is shared with baby, not given to baby”

Precautions

The movements: They must be gentle, especially in the beginning. Avoid the muscled manipulations used in sport massage!

The product: It is very important to use a product which:

• Respects the fragile skin of baby (no essential oil, for example)
• Facilitates the massage without being too greasy
• Is hypoallergenic

6.0 - Bathing Your Baby

Sources

1. Guide to Childcare by Wong Boh Boi
2. Your Baby’s First Year by American Academy of Pediatrics
3.  Baby Must-Haves

(6.1) Bath Time

1. Infant doesn't need much bathing if you wash the diaper area thoroughly during diaper changes.
2. Three times a week during his first year may be enough.
3. Bathing him more frequently may dry out his skin, particularly if soaps are used or moisture is allowed to evaporate from the skin.
4. Patting him dry and applying a fragrance-free, hypoallergenic moisturizing lotion immediately after bathing can help prevent dry skin or worsening the skin condition called eczema.
5. During his first week or two, until the stump of the umbilical cord falls off, your newborn should have only sponge baths. Once the umbilical cord area is healed, you can try placing your baby directly in the water. Same goes for older babies who’ve moved on to the big tub, but once baby can sit up and play in the water, you may want to bathe him every day for the sheer delight of watching him splash and explore.
6. His first baths should be as gentle and brief as possible. He probably will protest a little; if he seems miserable, go back to sponge baths for a week or two, then try the bath again. He will make it clear when he's ready.
7. Toddlers, who can get pretty grimy while eating and playing, may need to be bathed daily as well.
8. If you've forgotten something or need to answer the phone or door during the bath, youMUST TAKE THE BABY WITH YOU, so keep a dry towel within reach. NEVER LEAVE A BABY ALONE IN THE BATH, EVEN FOR AN INSTANT.
9. If your baby enjoys his bath, give him some extra time to splash and explore the water. The more fun your child has in the bath, the less she'll be afraid of the water.
10. As he gets older, the length of the bath will extend until most of it is taken up with play. Bathing should be a very relaxing and soothing experience, so don't rush unless he's unhappy.
11. Bath toys are not really needed for very young babies, as the stimulation of the water and washing is exciting enough.
12. Once a baby is old enough for the bathtub, however, toys become invaluable. Containers, floating toys, even waterproof books make wonderful distractions as you cleanse your baby.
13. The bath is a relaxing way to prepare him for sleep and should be given at a time that's convenient for you.
14. Avoid bathing your baby immediately after feeding as it may cause him to throw up his feed. Baby may also want to nap after his feed.

(6.2) Bathing Your Baby Step-by-Step

1. Room has to be warm, comfortable and well-ventilated room.
2. Supplies: Large bath tub (avoid ergonomic and egg-shape tub, fanciful gadgets like bathing stools, slings or wedges in the bathtub), baby bath, towel, wash cloth, cotton wool, clean cloth, wet wipes, jug or cup, disposable diaper or napkin with liner, lotion and bottom barrier cream if needed – keep all supplies close at hand.
3. Wash your hands 7-step with soap and water at room temperature (20°C).
4. Put cold water into the tub first before adding hot water.
5. Check the temperature of the water with the inside of your wrist (not elbow) or using thermometer (ideal 30-36°C).
6. Undress baby’s shirt and leaving diaper on, and cover him loosely with towel (so he doesn’t get chilled).
7. EYE: Clean each eye with a separate sterilized cotton ball (soaked in the cooled boiled water, do not use contact lenses solution), wiping from the inner corner (near the nose) outwards. If the sticky eyes are inflamed, consult your doctor.
8. FACE: With baby in your arm, on your lap or on the bed, first wash his face with plain water (without soap) using cotton wool. Dap dry with a towel (do not rub his skin).
9. Support baby by his neck with one hand – football hold.
10. Squeeze a few drops of ‘rinse-free’ baby bath into the water.
11. HAIR: For newborns, the baby bath solution alone is enough for cleansing his hair. Rub dry after washing to avoid losing heat (as the head has the biggest area surface. If it is wet, baby may catch a cold). For older baby, you may wash his scalp using a washcloth with baby shampoo. Make sure the washcloth is not too wet or soapy water may get into baby’s eyes. Then rinse the hair clean and dry it. (You can sing – ‘Raindrops fallin' on our heads’ – so baby will know what’s happening)
12. Remove his wrap. If his diaper is soiled, clean baby first then clean your hands again (Always clean baby’s genitalia front to back – do not pull the foreskin that covers baby boy’s penis as it can cause damage. The foreskin retracts after 3-4 years on its own. Then clean the bottom)
13. Hold baby securely by his armpit (thumb on his shoulder and four fingers under his armpit) so that your wrist supports his head. Use another hand to hold his buttocks.
14. Then put him gently into the water, legs first, followed by the buttocks and then the trunk (the water level is under the chin to keep him warm like spa experience). Cover his chest with a washcloth to give him security.
15. NECK: With your free hand, clean the creases of the neck with wet cotton wool.
16. HANDS: Ensure that the creased areas are cleaned thoroughly with cotton wool or a cloth. It is easier to wash with your hands instead of using a cloth. Since his hands are always in a grip, you can rotate 3 times massaging his back palm – he will open his grip automatically. (You can sing ‘Round and round the garden, like a teddy bear, one step, two step, tickle you under there.’) Then wash his fingers one-by-one gently without bending them backward. This will break them (green stick fracture).
17. Make sure that your other hand is gripping his armpits and supporting his neck securely. If you are afraid that baby may slip off your grip when you use soap, soap him on your lap or on the bed first before rinsing him off in the tub. Soap is not recommended as it has a drying effect on a baby’s skin.
18. LEGS: Wash his legs and toes. You can sing ‘This little piggy went to market, This little piggy stayed at home, This little piggy had roast beef, This little piggy had none. And this little piggy went... "Wee wee wee" all the way home... (Challenge you to sing: When he reaches 9-month of age, he can fill up the blanks when you sing, and one fine day, he may crawl to your feet and sing the whole song to overwhelm you with surprise).
19. BONDING: You can turn the baby over to wash his back by supporting at the front with your hand under his armpit – bonding time. Maid can skip this bonding part.
20. GROIN & BUTTOCKS: Wash the areas last.
21. When you have finished, lift baby up with both hands, put him on a stable surface and cover him with a dry towel (Avoid hooded towel because you may ‘wing’ him and make him catch cold).
22. Pat him dry, especially the creases and folds, before dressing him. Avoid rubbing him.
23. Contrary to what you may read in ads for baby products, your infant does not ordinarily need any lotions, oils, or powder. You may apply oil or lotion if baby’s skin is flaky or dry. Ideally, don’t use powder. If you have to, dust the powder away from him with your hand to avoid inhalation of powder particles or dust. Then rub gently. Avoid baby oil, which does not penetrate or lubricate as well as baby lotion or cream.
24. You may also use baby barrier cream (only when baby starts to have them).
25. EARS: Use a dry cotton bud to clean his outer ear after bath. Do not try to clean deep inside as you may cause injury. The earwax is for protection and is not really dirty.
26. NOSE: You can remove any dried mucus from the nose with damp cotton wool rolled into a tip (Avoid poking into baby’s nostril with a cotton bud). Wet the mucus and wipe it out or use a mucus extractor.
27. MOUTH & TONGUE: Baby’s mouth is generally clean and does not require much cleaning during the bath time. There is no need to clean his tongue. If you have to, it is safer to use clean, wet gauze wrapped around your index finger. Insert your finger by the corner of his mouth, rest your finger on his tongue and swipe outwards once only (too much cleaning may cause bulimia – by 3 month, baby may not want his milk again). Avoid rubbing his throat. Always consult your doctor if you have concerns over his tongue. If baby is bottle-fed with formula, a teaspoonful of water can be given to him to cleanse his tongue after each feed.
28. CORD CARE: Clean the cord with cord spirit or sterilized water 3 times a day and leave it to air. There is no need to cover the cord with a bandage. Baby’s diaper should also be positioned below the navel to avoid any irritation in that area. Do not be too alarmed if you notice some discharge or bleeding at the cord stem when it drops off from the part where it was cut at birth. Apply a little pressure with a cotton ball soaked in cord spirit over the bleeding point using 2 fingers (do not poke it in further with one finger). The bleeding should stop. However, if you notice any strange smell and the area surrounding the cord becomes red or swollen, or the navel is shiny and swollen, consult your doctor.
29. FINGER NAILS: Let him wear mittens (After 6 weeks, let him be free to do acrobats/be active with his finger movement.  Rest assured that he wouldn’t scratch his face). Trim his nails when he is a few weeks old.
30. TOENAILS: Baby's toenails grow much more slowly and are usually very soft and pliable. They needn't be kept as short as the fingernails, so you may have to trim them only once or twice a month. Because they are so soft, they sometimes look as if they're in-grown, but there's no cause for concern unless the skin alongside the nail gets red, inflamed, or hard. As baby gets older, his toenails will become harder and better defined.
31. CRADDLE CAP: It occurs as a result of excessive oil around the head, eyebrows and face. It is a common condition that affects babies under the age of one. Causes are thought to be related to hormones transferred or stimulated by the mother’s hormone during the last week of pregnancy. The stimulation leads to over-production of a waxy, oily substance called sebum. The skin around the scalp, eyebrows or even eyelids is covered by flaky, crusty orange-yellowish patches. The skin is reddened and scaly but is usually not itchy. It is also believed to be caused by strong shampoo. Apply some olive oil on the area for 2 hours (or overnight if the condition is bad). If it is on the head, use a fine-toothed comb to comb baby’s hair from front to back to ensure that the olive oil permeates the scalp.

(6.3) TYPES OF TOYS TO LOOK FOR:

1. Toys that will help your baby experiment with the properties of water: things he can fill and pour from, and have sieves that allow water to flow through
2. Boats that really float
3. Aquatic creatures that bob and float in the water
4. Terry cloth bath puppets (these can double as washcloths, meaning your child might be more compliant when it’s time scrub up)
5. Shapes, letters, and numbers that stick to the side of the tub
6. A doll that’s meant to go in the tub; your child will love washing up his own little baby

Father’s Role in Delivery Suite

Sources

1. Guide to Childbirth by Wong Boh Boi
2. The New Contented Little Baby Book by Gina Ford
3. Your Baby’s First Year by American Academy of Pediatrics
4. What Every Dad Should Know About Labor by Wayne Parker, About.com Guide
5. A Guide to Labour & Supporting Her For Dads-To-Be by By Kelly Winder, BellyBelly Creator, Mum & Birth Attendant
6. Dad to Dad: 12 Things You Need to Know Before the Baby Comes by Matt Villano,iVillage.com

Father’s Role in Delivery Suite

Witnessing the woman he loves in the middle of intense and painful contractions may be a very new experience for him and no one likes to stand by helplessly. It is a natural response to want to take the pain away, to make it better for those we love and cherish. Sometimes a partner will feel afraid or guilty that he cannot share the pain. You must address these feelings before labor, so that they do not inhibit your coping abilities or distract your energy.

The partner plays a definite role in assisting the birthing woman and enables her to cope more effectively. A husband's job is to comfort and encourage, not to make the pain go away. Just Be There - This is one of those events for which showing up is the most important thing of all. Even if you want to – or have to – leave most of the hands-on stuff to the pros, your presence matters. And no matter how you really feel, project a sense of confidence and calm reassurance: "You're doing great! Everything's going fine." There'll be time for you to unravel later.

1. First Stage, Early Labor (Contractions are 10 minutes apart, last 30-45 seconds each): You can expect it to take several hours (typically lasts up to 14 hours or longer) to work through this process to active labor. It is important for mom to stay hydrated and to try to preserve her strength for what is yet to some. So, as her coach and supporter, you need to remind her to drink water and rest. What you can do:

• Time the contractions, keeping a record - time the contractions from the beginning of one contraction to the beginning of the next
• Tell her that she’s doing really well
• Keep her company like walking with her, watching TV
• Help her to relax
• Offer a massage
• Help her to find comfortable positions
• Pack yourself something to eat and some snacks for the hospital
• Speaking of nurses -- it’s worth sucking up to them: Drop some cookies or snacks at the nurses’ station when you check in and then bask in the extra added attention (and maybe even an occasional foot rub for your wife) the gesture buys you.

2. First Stage, Active Labor (Contractions are 3-5 minutes apart, last 40-60 seconds each) (Dilates 4-7cm): The labor nurse at the hospital will manually check her cervix periodically (in between contractions) and give you the numbers. Your partner will now notice strong contractions and increased backache. You may notice your partner displays increased concentration and seriousness. She may start to feel uncertain she can do it and feel apprehensive. She may particularly want your company/support during this time. It is also during active labor when you'll be most helpful in seeing to her needs. Generally, the hospital will give her some crushed ice to eat. It will keep her hydrated without filling her bladder too full, which makes for a pretty uncomfortable delivery. You can also rub her back and rub her legs. One of the things many laboring moms like is a couple of tennis balls put in a sock and then used to massage her lower back. Just keep being supportive and helpful, and remind her how much you love her. If your partner is having trouble coping or she's not interested in a drug-free labor, this is when she might opt for an epidural or other pain relief. What you can do:

• Eliminate distractions in the environment (pillows, lighting & music)
• Keep her lips and mouth moist
• Offer a massage
• Keep telling her how well she is doing

3. Remember S-U-P-P-O-R-T:

• S-Supportive environment
• U-Urinate at least once an hour
• P-Position changes often
• P-Praise and Encouragement
• O-Out of bed (walk/shower)
• R-Relaxation; T-Touch and Massage)

4. Transition (Contractions are 2-3 minutes apart, last 90 seconds each) (Dilates 8-10cm): Do not push the baby out prematurely: This phase brings powerful and intense contractions, which opens up the cervix leading to the pushing contractions that will birth the baby. But you must caution your partner to not push the baby prematurely as per instruction. Things go into hyper drive—the contractions are right on top of each other, and mom will get no time to rest in between. During this transition phase, you can count on her just feeling miserable. This is when reality hits for her. She may be really in a bad mood because of the intensity of the experience. Don't take anything she says personally during transition. But the end result of transition is the target goal—10 cm and 100% effaced. And it generally lasts from 15 minutes to an hour—but it may seem a lot longer. Your encouragement and strength is particularly important, as your partner gets through these very intense contractions. It can also be a difficult stage for you, seeing her in pain and not being able to help take the pain away. Emotionally, your partner may be irritable and may want to give up or go home. She may feel that she just wants it all to be over with – so help her focus as much as you can. Your partner may experience very intense contractions (unless she’s having pain relief), nausea or vomiting, snoozing between contractions, hot flashes, chills and legs shaking, heavy show, severe low backache, possibly premature urge to push, pressure in the rectum as baby descends. What you can do:

• Give her lots of encouragement – encourage her to concentrate on the power of the contractions rather than pain and encourage her to use visualization.
• Tell her how great she is doing and that baby will arrive very soon.
• Tell her that you love her.
• Remind her that this is the shortest stage of labour
• Remind her to take one contraction at a time
• Squeeze her hand or give her something to squeeze
• Breathe with her
• Apply counter pressure
• Hold her or give her a big hug
• Fan her if she is hot
• Put a cool face washer on her forehead or neck if she is hot or nauseous
• Get extra blankets and massage her legs if she has chills
• Keep her lips and mouth moist
• Help her to relax between contractions

5. Second Stage, Pushing & Birth (Contractions are 3-5 minutes apart, last 60-90 seconds each): Stage two starts from the time the cervix reaches full dilation (10cms) to the birth of your baby. Some women may be lucky enough to have a brief resting phase between the ‘transition’ and ‘pushing’ phases, while the uterus tightens around baby’s body, after the head has passed through the cervix. Her contractions may feel weak to non-existent compared to transition. Contractions in stage two are usually further apart than transition. She may feel the urge to push as the contraction builds. Most women find pushing to be much less painful than the contractions experienced in transition. Mom gets finally to have some influence over what is happening. Unlike what you see on TV or in the movies, pushing is not just a couple of grunts and a baby pops out. This stage can take 15 minutes to 3 hours or more. She may have a possible quiet spell of up to 20 minutes as her body rests in preparation for pushing. She may also experience an almost uncontrollable urge to push; Tremendous back and rectal pressure (may feel that she needs to go to the toilet); ‘Second wind’ of strength to make pushing effort; Pins and needles / burning / stretching sensation as baby crowns; Exhaustion between contractions; Relief that she can actively bring about the birth of her baby; Ecstatic sensation as the baby is born. The important message is for her to push down and out. Give her lots of encouragement and praise for how she is doing. All will end with a moment that's made up in equal parts of relief and breathtaking beauty: the birth of your baby. There's a lot to think about during this phase: Do you want to record the birth on video? Will you want to cut the cord? (Be sure to remind your doctor or midwife if you do.) Does your partner want to try to breastfeed immediately after birth? If the doctor or midwife or labor and delivery nurse doesn't make sure that happens, you'll need to be ready to advocate for her. What you can do:

• Help her to find the most comfortable and productive position – squatting is a great position for delivery as it helps relax the perineum (less susceptible to tear compared to lying down)
• Whisper words of quiet encouragement ’You’re doing a great job! I know you can do this’
• Encourage her to rest between contractions
• If she holds her breath while pushing, remind her to breathe every 6-10 seconds
• Remind her to relax her perineum
• Remind her to keep her eyes open for the birth.

6. Third Stage, Delivery of the Placenta: It's not over yet! This stage, which begins immediately after the birth of your baby and ends with the delivery of the placenta anywhere from 5-30 minutes later, is usually anticlimactic but necessary. Be aware, too, that your partner may get a case of the chills during this phase or feel very shaky. If that's the case, be ready to offer a warm blanket and to hold your newborn while she's regaining her strength. Give baby to mum to hold or hold baby where mum can see him/her.

7. Your baby might not look exactly like you pictured him: You know those perfect pink newborns they show on TV and in the movies? They're actually three months old. In real life, brand new babies are generally some shade of hot pink, covered in yellow, sticky goo and sometimes even full-body hair. Their faces are sometimes scrunched up, sometimes they have a cone head – misshapen from squeezing through the birth canal, and their genitals may be alarmingly red and swollen. This will all go away quickly, but don’t be surprised if your very first thought is, “Who is this baby ape and what have you people done with my baby?”

8. Member Suggestions:

• “He was chatting away to the midwife about all sorts of nonsense as well, I wasn’t too aware of what they were on about, but the sound of his voice was comfort enough!” JOJA
• “I couldn’t have done it without him. He got me drinks (then held the sick bag for me when I vomited them back up), gave me massages, dragged me in and out of the shower, encouraged me all the time, made sure that I was always kept informed (even after the drugs kicked in) and charmed all the midwives. During the time that I was in the ante-natal ward he arrived in the morning before I woke up so I opened my eyes and there he was. He bought me food so I didn’t have to eat hospital meals and looked after my cat even though he hates him.” — Dachlostar
• “My partner just sat by my bed and didn’t say a word, which is all I wanted. Just a nice quiet room with some relaxation music playing. While in the shower he kept encouraging me and telling me I was doing great etc.” Tegan
• “This is no joke, but Andrew stopped for cigarettes on the way to the hospital. I couldn’t believe it!!! But once we were there, he was great – just really encouraging. Didn’t talk to me much (I didn’t want to talk, I just wanted to labour without a running commentary!).
• “My husband was so wonderful and supportive, he stayed by my side the whole time. Including the first few days at home while I was labouring. Then in hospital, he let me squeeze the crap out of his hand, he gave me drinks, he organised the room with essential oils and calm music playing. He helped me voice my opinions to the midwife, like when I wanted an epidural and when I wanted to see the ob NOW!

Dad to Dad: 12 Things You Need to Know Before the Baby Comes

About to be a Dad? Read this.

 No matter how many times you read What to Expect When You’re Expecting, no one can tell you how it really is for us guys when baby arrives except for a dad who’s been there. Between swaddling, diaper duty and her breastfeeding, fatherhood feels like a whole new world with all things beer, sleep and sex-related put on hold. Want to be better prepared? Check out these 12 must-know, guy-to-guy tips from a Daddy who’s been there, done that.

1. Maxing Out the Sex Before the Moratorium: During the last few months of pregnancy, your hot wife’s belly will grow larger by the day which may be a bit of a libido kill. But remember this: most doctors prescribe (at least) a six-week post-birth moratorium on sex, so think twice before rolling over and going to bed! Can’t get in the mood? Focus on those enormous breasts – they won’t stay that big forever! Oh, and rest assured, no matter how well-endowed you are, you won’t hurt the baby.
2. Looking ‘Down There’ in the Delivery Room: Let’s be frank, gentlemen: Creating life is amazing, but the bulk of the actual birthing process is bloody, gooey and, quite often, a holy mess. Bossy delivery-room nurses will encourage you to ‘touch the head’ or gawk at your child while he/she enters the world. If you don’t think you can handle it, just say no. It’s better not to look than it is to have your wife catch you with a grimace on your face.
3. Embrace the ‘Push Gift’: Men have it easy in the delivery room: We just stand there and cheer. So, to not seem like a total freeloader, reward your spouse for all her efforts. Flowers don’t cut it, because she likely will get those from someone else. Instead, think jewelry (lockets always are good), or a gift certificate to a boutique where she can buy post-baby lingerie. (Okay, so maybe there’s a little in it for you, too.)
4. Get Her to a Lactation Consultant: When baby comes, you learn pretty quickly that breastfeeding isn’t easy. If baby won’t ‘latch’ correctly or mama’s ducts get clogged, the whole shebang can hurt like hell. Nursing is primal, so it also can make our already over-emotional wives even nuttier. Don’t try to understand breastfeeding stress; just be unconditionally supportive. And if she’s having trouble, it’s your job to get her to a lactation consultant, pronto.
5. Become a Swaddle Master:  Yes, a tight swaddle seems a lot like a baby straightjacket. But it’s amazing how dramatically stellar swaddler can maximize your little one’s sleep schedule (and, there, your own). It pays to invest in a special swaddle blanket with Velcro to guarantee a burrito-style wrap every time. Remember: Practice makes perfect.
6. Parenting Makes You Hotter: Single and sometimes not-so-single women love dudes who embrace responsibility. Just as these ladies are drawn to men with wedding rings and puppies, they also flock to men pushing carriages and other adorable baby gear. So, as a new dad, you will be infinitely more attractive to women, and there’s no harm in a sleep-deprived new daddy enjoying this extra attention.
7. Look Out for Post-baby Blues: Unless she’s a robot, your spouse will likely experience unexpected (and inexplicable) emotional highs and lows after giving birth. In some cases, these lows will seem insignificant and fleeting; in the most serious cases, they can border on suicidal and last for weeks. Whatever the situation, post-partum depression is serious business – and probably something you won’t be able to help on your own. If you think your spouse is suffering from it, get her talking to her doctor, asap.
8. Dominate Diaper Duty: No matter how handy you are around the house, changing a squirming and wailing baby can be more challenging than completing a Rubik’s Cube. Know this: The diaper goes on with the elastic band in the back – never the reverse. As for those pesky onesies, stretch the neck hole before pulling it over the baby’s head (relax, you won’t suffocate the kid). Remember, it’s not you, it’s them: Few babies enjoy these experiences under any circumstances.
9. Get Comfortable with Non-Stop Poop Talk: Let’s face it: we men talk about poop with our buddies, but no amount of frat-house practice can prepare you for the poop-talk that comes with a mini human in the house. Not only will you have to clean the stuff (off clothes, but also off the carpet, crib sheets and the couch), but you’ll also be asked to weigh in on color, smell, consistency and texture. Be a true man; ditch any squeamishness at the door.
10. Prepare for an Insane Amount of Baby Gear: Welcome to the peak-clutter period of your life with car seats, cribs, vibrating chairs and piles of clothes, new parents can make the people on Hoarders seem like Buddhist monks. Assume you’ll need an additional closet (or a corner of the garage) for the ridiculous amount of baby gear you’ll accumulate. Go through existing piles and give stuff to Goodwill; store the stuff that remains in clear plastic bins for easy access.
11. Own the Stroller Purchase: As tempting as it might be to outsource the stroller purchase (to, say, the in-laws), it’s important to conduct your own due diligence, since you’ll probably be the one collapsing and shoving the thing into the van. Visit the nearest Babies ‘R’ Us to see strollers up close and compare features online. The bottom line: You want a stroller that you can manipulate with one hand and use the other for holding coffee, the diaper bag or your kid.
12. Go to a Bar, Seriously: Starlets can bring their tiny Chihuahua into bars, so why can’t you bring your baby? Nightlife has become more infant-friendly in recent years thanks to the smoking bans instituted in every major city. Plus, taking the kid along also saves you cash on a sitter. Most babies will sleep peacefully while you and your wife hang – and the two of you will feel more connected to your pre-baby life, which is always a good perspective to keep!